垄作稻鱼鸡共生对水稻群体生长特性及产量形成的影响

为了探究水稻垄作栽培和稻鱼鸡共生模式的结合对水稻群体生长特性及产量形成的影响，在总结前人垄作栽培、稻鱼和稻鸡共生模式的研究基础上，提出了水稻垄作栽培养鸡养鱼的种养结合技术，通过设计常规水稻垄作栽培(CK)、水稻垄作养鱼(RF)、水稻垄作养鸡(RC)和水稻垄作养鸡养鱼(RFC)的田间对比试验，研究了不同垄作稻鱼鸡共生模式下的水稻群体生长特性和产量形成。结果表明：与CK处理相比，2年中RFC和RC处理的水稻平均产量能够维持稳定，平均有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重虽有差异，但均未达到显著性差异；RF处理水稻产量、有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重平均降幅分别为29.98%、19.70%、484%、3.99%和5.74%，且均达到显著性水平。2年中RFC、RC处理的茎、叶和穗的干物质平均积累量与CK处理整体不存在显著差异，但较RF处理均显著增加。RFC、RC和CK处理水稻茎和叶在齐穗前干物质积累量显著高于RF处理，平均增幅分别为56.23%、50.66%和54.15%，齐穗后干物质积累量的降幅慢于RF处理，并且维持叶面积指数在较高水平，平均增幅为41.38%、38.35%和38.23%。2年中RFC、RC和CK处理较RF处理均具有较高的群体生长速率、净同化率和光合势，其中群体生长速率增幅分别为77.94%、70.29%和7669%，净同化率为40.07%、39.47%和38.87%，光合势为38.39%、35.49%和35.94%，进而为稻穗积累更多的干物质量和产量的形成奠定基础。综上可知，垄作稻鱼鸡共生和垄作稻鸡共生利于水稻的干物质积累及叶面积指数、群体生长速率、净同化率和光合势的提高，进而保证水稻产量稳定。     

PEG胁迫下春小麦萌发期抗旱指标的遗传力

为探索干旱胁迫对春小麦萌发期生长的影响,筛选春小麦萌发期抗旱性指标。以宁夏灌区和雨养区的2种粒色（红皮和白皮）40份春小麦的抗旱品系为试验材料,研究PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对胚根长、胚根数、胚芽鞘长和一叶长的影响。利用广义遗传力分析法,筛选春小麦萌发期抗旱性指标。胚根长的广义遗传力最高,均大于0.55,遗传力的控制程度稳定。雨养区的红粒种子胚根长的遗传力高达0.95;雨养区的红粒种子的胚芽鞘长的广义遗传力最高,达0.94,但其遗传力控制程度不稳定,最低遗传力仅为0.06;胚根数和一叶长的遗传力很低,且控制程度极不稳定。春小麦萌发期胚根长的广义遗传力最高,控制程度稳定。其次是胚芽鞘长,但其遗传力的控制程度不稳定。胚根长可作为春小麦萌发期的抗旱指标鉴定抗旱材料,以胚芽鞘的长度为参考值。     

饲料中维生素A对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢酶活性及基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中维生素A(VA)对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢相关酶活性及基因表达的影响,实验选取360尾初始体质量为(6.10±0.10) g的青鱼幼鱼,随机分配至3个实验组中,每个实验组设置3个平行。采用单因素实验设计,以无维酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源、菜籽油为脂肪源、糊精为糖源,同时添加矿物质混合物和维生素混合物(无VA添加)配制成3组实验饲料,分别以饲料1 (Diet1)、饲料2 (Diet2)和饲料3 (Diet3)表示。在饲料1、饲料2和饲料3中分别添加0、2 200和20 000 IU/kg VA醋酸酯(500 000IU/g),经高效液相色谱法(Agilent-1100, Agilent,美国)检测后实验饲料中VA的实际含量分别为178.2、2 058.9和18 436.2 IU/kg,养殖周期为8周。结果显示:饲料中VA缺乏会显著降低青鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR);VA缺乏会显著降低血清血糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)浓度,增加总胆固醇(TCH)浓度。饲料中添加2 058.9IU/kg VA能显著提高肝脏己糖激酶(HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性,促进葡萄糖转运蛋白-2 (GLUT-2)、HK、葡萄糖激酶(GK)、PFK和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pase)基因表达。当饲料中VA含量为2 058.9 IU/kg时,对肝脏脂肪酸转运蛋白-1(FATP-1)基因表达无显著影响,但显著影响肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 (CPT-1)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-2 (CPT-2)基因表达。当饲料中VA缺乏时,CPT-1和CPT-2基因表达受到显著性抑制;当饲料中添加过量VA时,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶-2 (ACC-2)和脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达受到抑制;同时,VA过量组中肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)基因表达显著下降。研究表明,在饲料中添加2 058.9 IU/kg VA可以促进青鱼幼鱼生长,提高肝脏对葡萄糖的转运能力,促进糖酵解和糖异生代谢平衡,同时促进脂肪酸合成和转运。     

Experimental infection of Mytilus edulis by two Vibrio splendidus-related strains: Determination of pathogenicity level of strains and influence of the origin and annual cycle of mussels on their sensitivity

This study aimed at assessing the pathogenicity of two Vibrio splendidus-related species and evaluating the influence of the origin and annual life cycle of mussels on their sensitivity during a bacterial challenge. Thus, in vivo infection assays were made with Vibrio crassostreae 7T4_12 and Vibrio splendidus 3G1_6, over, respectively, thirteen and 9 months, on adult blue mussels from five recruitment areas in France. Two bacterial concentrations were tested: one consistent with the loads of Vibrio spp. in environment and mussel tissues (~10⁵ CFU/ml) and another one much higher (~10⁸ CFU/ml). The tested environmental concentration has no pathogenic effect whatever the time of year, the strain used and the origin of mussels. However, at the highest concentration, a pathogenic effect was observed only at specific moments, and one of the origins appeared to be more resistant. The physiological state of mussels—depending on the time of year—seemed significant in mussels’ sensitivity, as their recruitment origin. This study is the first to test the pathogenicity of V. splendidus-related strains at concentrations close to what is found in the wild, over the annual cycle of mussels, and considering their origin.     

种衣剂对防治雪梨瓜根腐病的药效研究

本文通过室内试验评估种衣剂对雪梨瓜种子发芽及苗期生长发育的安全性,并通过田间试验,比较种衣剂在不同时期对病情指数、防治效果及产量的影响,以筛选出对雪梨瓜根腐病防治效果理想的种衣剂。结果表明,4种种衣剂对雪梨瓜生长发育均安全。25%噻虫·咯·霜灵、12%甲·嘧·甲霜灵药后20 d防治效果达60%以上,62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈药后20 d的防效在50%以上;25%噻虫·咯·霜灵的稳定性好于12%甲·嘧·甲霜灵;35%多·福·克前期防治效果好,但持效性差。4种种衣剂对雪梨瓜都有一定的增产效果,25%噻虫·咯·霜灵增产23.30%,35%多·福·克增产17.96%。种衣剂处理能够有效防治雪梨瓜根腐病,在生产上建议首选25%噻虫·咯·霜灵作为雪梨瓜种衣剂,12%甲·嘧·甲霜灵和62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈可作为备选药剂交替使用。     

h指数及其衍生指标评估兽用疫苗领域单篇专利的适用性探索

随着禽流感、非洲猪瘟等疾病的出现,兽用疫苗的开发研制成为了动物防疫体系建设的重要一环,同时兽用疫苗领域国际竞争日益激烈,直接影响到我国相关企业的生存和发展,因此国家必须加强对兽用疫苗领域专利质量和专利保护的重视.本文以计量学中的h指数及其衍生指标为对象,研究其与传统专利价值评估指标的关系,通过相关性分析来筛选评估兽用疫苗领域高价值专利的指标.结果表明:h指数、g指数和hg指数这三个指标,与传统专利价值评估指标相关性强,且计算简便,相对于传统指标,能够快速准确地对兽用疫苗领域专利价值进行预估.     

黎藤节间与节部纤维形态特征的径向变化

为了更好地指导藤材的合理利用,缓解日益紧张的木材供需矛盾,采用显微图像分析方法,对3组黎藤试样2m处藤节间与节部的纤维形态特征进行了观察与统计,并进行对比与分析。结果显示,黎藤节间与节部纤维的长度、宽度、长宽比、腔径、双壁厚分别为981.779和921.271μm、7.786和8.719μm、130.822和113.021、3.716和3.669μm、4.070和5.051μm。由藤芯到藤皮节间处纤维长度和长宽比均呈现先增后降的趋势,节部处纤维长度和长宽比、节间纤维宽度均呈现逐渐下降的趋势;节间、节部处纤维腔径及节部宽度均呈现先降后增的趋势;节间处双壁厚呈现逐渐下降的趋势,节部处双壁厚呈逐渐增加的趋势。经F检验,在0.05水平上节间与节部处纤维宽度和双壁厚存在极显著差异。平均纤维微纤丝角为42.71°,变化区间在39.38°～46.03°;平均纤维素结晶度为46.96%,变化区间在44.10%～49.82%,且藤皮处结晶度大于藤芯处。     

Metabolic rates from Bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) populations at lower latitudes are more sensitive to changes in temperature than populations at higher latitudes

Predicting the potential effects of changes in climate on freshwater species requires an understanding of the relationships between physiological traits and environmental conditions among populations. While water temperature is a primary factor regulating metabolic rates in freshwater ectotherms, how metabolic rates vary across the species range is unclear. In addition, photoperiod has also been hypothesised to influence metabolic rates in freshwater taxa based on seasonal changes in activity rates. Using an experimental approach, we investigated whether variation in routine metabolic rate (RMR) and sensitivity of RMR to changes in temperature are correlated with local thermal regimes, photoperiods and body mass among ten populations across the geographic range of the Bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus), a North American freshwater fish species. Routine metabolic rate data were collected from populations acclimatised to three temperature treatments (9, 18 and 27°C) and correlated with water temperature and photoperiod estimates at collection locations for each population. Routine metabolic rate was negatively correlated with minimum photoperiod at 9°C, negatively correlated with weekly high temperature at 18°C and positively correlated with weekly high temperature at 27°C. Body mass was also a predictor of RMR at each temperature treatment. Thermal sensitivity of RMR was positively correlated with weekly high temperature, indicating that individuals from warmer low latitude populations experienced greater sensitivity of RMR to changes in temperature than individuals from cooler high latitude populations. These results indicate differential responses among populations to variation in temperature and suggest the importance of recognising this variation when characterising responses of freshwater taxa to increases in water temperature.     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

冀中平原奶牛舍温热环境评价及温热参数与生理指标的相关性分析

试验旨在评价冀中平原地区四季奶牛舍的温热环境，并分析温热参数与奶牛生理指标的相关性。选择3栋不同建筑结构的奶牛舍，对各舍温湿度和奶牛的呼吸频率、直肠温度和体表温度等生理指标进行检测。结果显示，奶牛舍四季环境温湿度和温湿指数（THI）变化显著（P<0.05），其中夏季日均温最高，为28.59 ℃；冬季日均温最低，为1.55 ℃。奶牛夏季每天平均15.5 h遭受轻度热应激，6.0 h遭受中度热应激；冬季每天平均12.0 h遭受轻度冷应激。除冬季外，各季节不同牛舍的温度和THI均未表现出显著差异（P>0.05）。相比带矮墙或卷帘的棚舍，仅设顶子的棚舍夏季平均温度要高0.80~1.27 ℃，冬季低1.36~1.84 ℃。另外，夏季奶牛各项生理指标极显著高于其他季节（P<0.01），且夏季不同舍奶牛的呼吸频率和直肠温度均表现出显著差异（P<0.05），体表温度各季节差异均达显著水平（P<0.05）。从环境温湿参数与奶牛生理参数的相关性分析可看出，各项生理参数（呼吸频率、直肠温度和体表温度）与THI、环境温度均呈显著正相关（P<0.05），但与湿度未表现出显著相关性（P>0.05）。本研究可为奶牛舍环境的评价提供科学依据，并通过环境温热参数的检测推断奶牛生理状况，为应激的发生及预警提供数据。